![\"Facebook\"](\"https:\/\/jafma.net\/ana\/theweekendarchaeologist\/wp-content\/plugins\/social-media-feather\/synved-social\/image\/social\/regular\/32x32\/facebook.png\" "\\"Share")
<\/a><\/a>![\"twitter\"](\"https:\/\/jafma.net\/ana\/theweekendarchaeologist\/wp-content\/plugins\/social-media-feather\/synved-social\/image\/social\/regular\/32x32\/twitter.png\" "\\"Share")
<\/a>![\"reddit\"](\"https:\/\/jafma.net\/ana\/theweekendarchaeologist\/wp-content\/plugins\/social-media-feather\/synved-social\/image\/social\/regular\/32x32\/reddit.png\" "\\"Share")
<\/a>![\"pinterest\"](\"https:\/\/jafma.net\/ana\/theweekendarchaeologist\/wp-content\/plugins\/social-media-feather\/synved-social\/image\/social\/regular\/32x32\/pinterest.png\" "\\"Pin")
<\/a>![\"linkedin\"](\"https:\/\/jafma.net\/ana\/theweekendarchaeologist\/wp-content\/plugins\/social-media-feather\/synved-social\/image\/social\/regular\/32x32\/linkedin.png\" "\\"Share")
<\/a>![\"mail\"](\"https:\/\/jafma.net\/ana\/theweekendarchaeologist\/wp-content\/plugins\/social-media-feather\/synved-social\/image\/social\/regular\/32x32\/mail.png\" "\\"Share")
<\/a><\/a> Entre\u00a0mis temas hist\u00f3ricos favoritos se encuentra\u00a0la Guerra de las Rosas, y uno de los motivos es que las mujeres que intervinieron en ella fueron, cada una a su manera, excepcionales.\u00a0Este es un ensayo corto que prepar\u00e9 para\u00a0el curso en l\u00ednea de la Universidad de Oxford\u00a0“The Wars of the Roses”<\/a>\u00a0(un curso durillo pero genial:)), centrado en la vida de una de estas protagonistas: Anne Neville.<\/p>\n Notas:<\/span><\/p>\n 1. La fuente principal del ensayo es el libro de Hicks referenciado al final.<\/span> El papel de Anne Neville en la pol\u00edtica del per\u00edodo. \u00bfHasta qu\u00e9 punto se ajust\u00f3 o desafi\u00f3 el papel esperado de una reina medieval?<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n Este ensayo analiza el papel de Anne Neville, reina consorte de Ricardo III. El ensayo se organiza como sigue: en la primera secci\u00f3n, se establecen los principales aspectos biogr\u00e1ficos que influyeron en la vida de Anne Neville como reina. La segunda secci\u00f3n se centra en las caracter\u00edsticas de su reinado. En la tercera secci\u00f3n se fijan las conclusiones sobre su influencia en el per\u00edodo estudiado. La \u00faltima secci\u00f3n se dedica a las referencias.<\/p>\n 1.- Biograf\u00eda de Anne Neville Anne Neville fue la segunda hija de Richard Neville, decimosexto conde de Warwick y sexto conde de Salisbury, y de la condesa Anne Beauchamp, heredera de las familias Warwick y Despenser. Naci\u00f3 el 11 de Junio de 1456 en el castillo de Warwick. Pertenec\u00eda a una familia antigua y bien situada, y pas\u00f3 su infancia en Inglaterra y tambi\u00e9n en Francia, en el destacamento de Calais. Sus primeros a\u00f1os estuvieron marcados por dos factores: en primer lugar, Anne y su hermana mayor Elizabeth eran las \u00fanicas descendientes de los Warwick, que hab\u00edan acumulado una gran fortuna, por lo que se convirtieron en grandes herederas que pod\u00edan lograr matrimonios ventajosos; en segundo lugar, la actividad pol\u00edtica de su padre, el Kingmaker (Fabricareyes<\/em>, en una traducci\u00f3n muy libre ;)), un destacado partidario de los York hasta que se cambi\u00f3 al bando Lancaster. El resultado final fue que, a los quince a\u00f1os, Anne Neville era la Princesa Viuda de Gales, tras un matrimonio de seis meses con Henry de Lancaster, muerto en la batalla de Tewkesbury.<\/p>\n En ese punto, Anne se encontraba en una situaci\u00f3n complicada: su padre, su marido y su suegro estaban muertos, su madre y suegra bajo custodia, y ella no\u00a0pod\u00eda reclamar ning\u00fan derecho como Princesa de Gales ya que los Lancaster eran considerados traidores, y los York ten\u00edan su propio Pr\u00edncipe de Gales. Era la rica heredera de los Neville, por lo que el Duque de Clarence, casado con su hermana Isabel Neville, intent\u00f3 controlarla como parte de su propia herencia Neville. Sin embargo, Anne Neville era viuda, y a diferencia de las mujeres solteras, que estaban bajo la tutela de sus padres (o de sus familiares varones), pod\u00eda tomar sus propias decisiones; la decisi\u00f3n de Anne fue casarse con Ricardo, el Duque de Gloucester, hermano del rey Eduardo IV y del Duque de Clarence.<\/p>\n Esta elecci\u00f3n podr\u00eda considerarse extra\u00f1a, ya que Ricardo pertenec\u00eda a la familia responsable de las muertes o encarcelamientos de la familia m\u00e1s directa de Anne, e incluso puede que tuviera un papel principal en algunas de esas muertes. Hicks [5] establece varias razones posibles que llevaron a Anne a casarse con Ricardo: la necesidad de un marido poderoso que la defendiera de Clarence; los sentimientos de miedo, abandono y supervivencia de una ni\u00f1a de quince a\u00f1os; o simple amor y atracci\u00f3n. No hay registros de la fecha y lugar de la boda, pero se casaron sabiendo que no ten\u00edan todas las dispensas requeridas (eran parientes muy cercanos en varios grados, seg\u00fan las estrictas normas de la \u00e9poca) y, por tanto, su matrimonio pod\u00eda no ser v\u00e1lido.<\/p>\n La vida de Anne como Duquesa de Gloucester est\u00e1 apenas documentada. Dej\u00f3 la corte de Londres, y se supone que vivi\u00f3 en el castillo de Middleham, donde dio a luz a su \u00fanico hijo Edward y se dedic\u00f3 a organizar su hogar, tareas para las que hab\u00eda sido educada. En 1483 Ricardo usurp\u00f3 el trono, y Anne Neville fue coronada reina junto con Ricardo el 6 de Julio en la Abad\u00eda de Westminster; una coronaci\u00f3n conjunta no era frecuente, y en [4] se pueden encontrar varias explicaciones: un gesto de afecto de Ricardo hacia Anne; una forma de reforzar el compromiso de Ricardo con la familia norte\u00f1a de Anne; o, al contrario, una forma de disminuir su autoridad al no permitir una ceremonia exclusiva para ella. El papel de Anne como reina se estudia en la pr\u00f3xima secci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n 2.- Anne Neville, reina de Inglaterra Para analizar el papel de Anne Neville como reina de Inglaterra, debemos establecer primero cu\u00e1l era ese papel esperado. Hicks [5] define varias caracter\u00edsticas que pueden ayudarnos a comprender sus logros:<\/p>\n Una reina deb\u00eda proporcionar un heredero<\/p>\n Anne Neville s\u00f3lo tuvo un hijo. Sin embargo, una reina deb\u00eda tener muchos ni\u00f1os que pudieran dar lugar a relacionas internacionales beneficiosas (como, por ejemplo, la cu\u00f1ada de Anne, Margaret de York, cuyo matrimonio con el Duque de Borgo\u00f1a fue muy \u00fatil para Edward IV), y que pudieran asumir el lugar del primog\u00e9nito en caso de que \u00e9ste muriera, como desafortunadamente ocurri\u00f3 a Edward de Middleham. La imposibilidad de Anne para tener m\u00e1s ni\u00f1os podr\u00eda ser considerada, para los est\u00e1ndares de la \u00e9poca, un inconveniente importante, y llev\u00f3 a Ricardo a considerar la posiblidad de abandonar a Anne (su matrimonio no era legal, como se coment\u00f3 previamente) y casarse con su sobrina Elizabeth de York, aunque esta opci\u00f3n se descart\u00f3 debido a razones pol\u00edticas, y finalmente fue innecesaria ya que Anne falleci\u00f3 el 16 de Marzo de 1485.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Una reina deb\u00eda supervisar la corte<\/span><\/p>\n Aunque Anne Neville no fue espec\u00edficamente educada para ser una reina, era la hija del Kingmaker<\/em>, por lo que estaba acostumbrada a la corte desde ni\u00f1a; adem\u00e1s, hab\u00eda sido Princesa de Gales, y pasado un cierto tiempo con la reina Margaret de Anjou, por lo que parece l\u00f3gico pensar que sab\u00eda como comportarse en un entorno real. Organiz\u00f3 su propia casa y corte en vez de mantener la de la reina Elizabeth Woodville, intentando traer a su personal del Norte sin desplazar totalmente al anterior.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Una reina deb\u00eda facilitar las relaciones internacionales<\/p>\n Ricardo fue un noble de la familia York que no esperaba ser rey. Sus posibilidades a la hora de casarse abarcaban herederas internacionales, como la princesa Isabel de Castilla [7] o nobles inglesas, como Anne Neville, cuya rica herencia y sus relaciones en el Norte prestaron un enorme servicio a su ducado. Por tanto, cuando \u00e9l accedi\u00f3 al trono ya estaba casado, algo poco com\u00fan, ya que se esperaba que los reyes ingleses se casaran con princesas extranjeras solteras y v\u00edrgenes, para forjar as\u00ed una relaci\u00f3n internacional.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Aparte de estos aspectos, que son en su mayor\u00eda factuales, no hay registros de situaciones o eventos que puedan proporcionar una visi\u00f3n m\u00e1s cercana del car\u00e1cter y pensamiento de Anne Neville [5]. Aunque ocup\u00f3 el trono s\u00f3lo durante dos a\u00f1os, su huella como reina fue, hasta donde yo conozco, realmente tenue. Pero varias mujeres reales desafiaron ese comportamiento de\u00a0perfil bajo:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Algunas reinas anteriores tuvieron un papel m\u00e1s participativo en la corte y en pol\u00edtica: Matilda de Inglaterra luch\u00f3 por su derecho al trono; Leonor de Aquitania dirigi\u00f3 el reino mientras su hijo estuvo fuera del pa\u00eds [3].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Algunas conocidas de Anne Neville intervinieron en pol\u00edtica: Margaret de Anjou lider\u00f3 abiertamente el bando de los Lancaster, defendiendo los derechos de su marido e hijo, e implic\u00e1ndose bastante incluso en campa\u00f1as militares (estuvo cerca de Tewkesbury durante la batalla). Margaret de York, duquesa de Borgo\u00f1a, ayud\u00f3 a su familia York activamente a lo largo de la Guerra de las Rosas. Elizabeth Woodville estableci\u00f3 a su familia en la corte en contra del criterio del padre de Anne, y tras la usurpaci\u00f3n de Ricardo y la desaparici\u00f3n de sus dos hijos, protegi\u00f3 los derechos de sus hijas, y finalmente su hija mayor se convirti\u00f3 en la reina Elizabeth de York.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Otras mujeres que no eran reinas en ese momento demostraron un car\u00e1cter fuerte. Margaret Beaufort trabaj\u00f3 callada y constantemente durante a\u00f1os hasta que su hijo Henry Tudor alcanz\u00f3 el trono. Incluso Cecily Neville, duquesa de York y madre de Edward IV, intent\u00f3 mantener una posici\u00f3n que realmente no ocupaba, usando el t\u00edtulo “reina por derecho”. Anne Neville, al contrario, no parec\u00eda preocuparse de su propia importancia; por ejemplo, permit\u00eda a su sobrina Elizabeth de York vestirse como ella, a pesar del c\u00f3digo de vestimenta acorde al rango existente en la corte[4]. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Tambi\u00e9n es cierto que, a diferencia de las mujeres anteriormente mencionadas, Anne no ten\u00eda una clara motivaci\u00f3n o responsabilidad por la que luchar: no ten\u00eda familia o derechos que defender. En resumen, no fue muy f\u00e9rtil y no pudo asegurar un heredero y relaciones internacionales, pero su fortuna y relaciones familiares en el norte ayudaron a Ricardo a progresar como Duque de Gloucester y lo apoyaron como rey, y su conducta no fue desafiante. Consider\u00e1ndolo todo, y seg\u00fan los est\u00e1ndares medievales, su labor como reina cumpli\u00f3 todas las expectativas.<\/p>\n 3.- Conclusiones<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n Cuando se intenta analizar el papel de Anne Neville como reina, la principal dificultad radica en la falta de informaci\u00f3n directa. A pesar de su intensa vida, las conclusiones que se pueden obtener se basan sobre todo en lo que aparentemente no hizo: a diferencia de otras mujeres reales contempor\u00e1neas, ella no control\u00f3 su herencia, no particip\u00f3 en pol\u00edtica, no ayud\u00f3 a su familia, no fue cuestionada. Por supuesto, la ausencia de evidencia no es la evidencia de ausencia y, como expone Hicks, “Richard fue un egotista y no respetaba a las mujeres: si Anne no ejerci\u00f3 influencia pol\u00edtica sobre su marido puede no deberse a que ella fuera especialmente inefectiva” [5] (la traducci\u00f3n es m\u00eda). Pero esto es s\u00f3lo una conjetura fundamentada y, puesto que la investigaci\u00f3n debe ajustarse a los hechos conocidos, creo que puede concluirse que ella se ajust\u00f3 a lo que se esperaba de una reina consorte medieval.<\/p>\n 4.- Referencias<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n [<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span> Carpenter, C., 1997 <\/span>The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c.1437\u20131509, <\/span><\/em>Cambridge University Pres<\/span>s.<\/span><\/p>\n [2] Carson, A., 2013 Richard III. The maligned king<\/i>, The History Press.<\/p>\n [3] Castor, H., 2012 She-Wolves. The women who ruled England before Elizabet<\/i>h, Harper Perennial.<\/p>\n [4] Gristwood, S., 2013 Blood Sisters. The women behind the Wars of the Roses<\/i>, Basic Books.<\/p>\n [5] Hicks, M., 2013 Anne Neville. Queen to Richard III<\/i>, The History Press.<\/p>\n [6] Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography, 2015 Anne Neville<\/i>,http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/14844?docPos=1<\/a><\/p>\n [7] Tremlett, G., 2012 Catalina de Arag\u00f3n. Reina de Inglaterra<\/i>, Editorial Cr\u00edtica.<\/p>\n <\/a> The Wars of the Roses is one of\u00a0my favourite topics of History, and one of the reasons is that the women that took part in it were, each in its own way, exceptional. This is a short essay that I submitted to the Oxford University’s on line course “The Wars of the Roses”<\/a>\u00a0(a\u00a0slightly demanding\u00a0but great course\u00a0:))), which deals with the life of one of these main female characters: Anne Neville.<\/p>\n Notes:<\/span><\/p>\n 1. The main source I used was the biography by Hicks, which is referenced at the end of the post.<\/span> The role of Anne Neville in the politics of the period. How far did she conform to or challenge the role expected of a medieval queen? <\/b><\/em><\/p>\n This essay analyses the role of Anne Neville, consort queen to Richard III. The essay is organized as follows: in the first section, the main biographical aspects that have an influence on Anne Neville’s life as a queen are gathered. The second section deals with the issues that characterized her queenship. In the third section the conclusions about her influence in the period are set. The last section is devoted to the references.<\/p>\n 1.- Anne Neville’s life<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n Anne Neville was the second daughter of Richard Neville, sixteenth earl of Warwick and sixth earl of Salisbury, and the countess Anne Beauchamp, heiress of Warwick’s and Despenser’s families. She was born on 11th<\/sup> of June 1456 at Warwick Castle. She belonged to an ancient and well positioned family, spending her childhood in England and also in France, at the Calais garrison. Her early life was determined by two factors: first, Anne and her elder sister Elizabeth were the only children of the Warwicks, which had accumulated a great wealth, so they became great heiresses that could be suitably married; second, the political role of her father, the Kingmaker<\/i>, a main supporter of the Yorkists until he changed sides to the Lancastrian party. The final result was that, at fifteen, Anne Neville was the dowager Princess of Wales, after a six months marriage to Henry of Lancaster, who was slain at Tewkesbury battle.<\/p>\n At that point, Anne was in a complicated situation: her father, husband and father-in-law were dead, her mother and mother-in-law were confined, and she could not claim any rights as Princess of Wales since Lancasters were traitors, and Yorkists had their own Prince of Wales. She was the wealthy Neville heiress, so the Duke of Clarence, married to her sister Elizabeth Neville, tried to control her as she was a part of his own Neville inheritance. However, Anne Neville was a widow, and unlike single women, which were under their father’s (or male relatives) tutelage, she could take their own decisions; Anne’s decision was to marry Richard Duke of Gloucester, brother of king Edward IV and George Duke of Clarence.<\/p>\n This choice could be considered a strange one, since Richard belonged to the family that was responsible for the deaths or confinement of Anne’s most direct family, and even he could have had a main role in some of these deaths. Hicks [5] states several possible reasons that led Anne to marry Richard: the need of a powerful husband who could defend her against Clarence; the feelings of fear, abandonment and survival of a fifteen years old girl; or simply attraction and love. There are no records of the date and place of the wedding, but they married knowing that they have not collected all the dispensations they needed (they were close relatives in several degrees, as stated by the strict rules of the time) and, therefore, the marriage could not be valid.<\/p>\n The life of Anne as Duchess of Gloucester is scarcely documented. She left the London court, and she is supposed to have lived at Middleham Castle, where she gave birth to her only child Edward and was devoted to the household, the tasks that she was educated for. On 1483 Richard usurped the throne, and Anne Neville was crowned with Richard on 6th<\/sup> of July at Westminster Abbey; a joint coronation was not common, and several explanations can be found in [4]: an act of affection of Richard to Anne; a way of reinforce the commitment of Richard with the northern family of Anne; or, on the contrary, a way of diminish her authority by not allowing an exclusive ceremony for her. The role of Anne as a queen is studied in the next section.<\/p>\n 2.- Anne Neville, Queen of England<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n In order to analyse the performance of Anne Neville as queen of England, it should be stated first which was such expected role. Hicks [5] defines several features that can help to understand her accomplishments:<\/p>\n A queen should provide a heir<\/p>\n Anne Neville had only one child. Nevertheless, a queen should have many children that could create profitable international alliances (like, for example, Anne’s sister-in-law Margaret of York, whose marriage to the Duke of Burgundy proved very helpful for Edward IV), and that could take the place of the firstborn boy in case of his death, like unfortunately happened to Edward of Middleham. Anne’s impossibility of bearing more children could be considered, by the standards of the time, an important flaw, and it led Richard to consider the possibility of leaving Anne (their marriage was not legal, as it was stated before) and marrying his niece Elizabeth of York, but this option was discounted due to political reasons, and in the end it turned to be unnecessary, since Anne died on 16th<\/sup> March 1485.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n A queen should <\/span>supervise<\/span> the court.<\/span><\/p>\n Though Anne Neville was not specifically trained for being a queen, she was the daughter of the <\/span>Kingmaker<\/i><\/span>, so he was accustomed to the court since childhood; furthermore, she had been Princess of Wales and had spent some time with queen Margaret of Anjou, <\/span>so it seems reasonable to think that she <\/span>knew<\/span> how to develop in a royal environment<\/span>. <\/span>She organised her own household and court instead of keeping <\/span>queen <\/span>Elizabeth Woodville’s one, trying to bring her own people from the North without totally removing the previous one. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n A queen should enhance international relationships<\/p>\n Richard was a Yorkist noble which was <\/span>not <\/span>expected to be king. His marriage <\/span>possibilities covered international heiresses<\/span>, like princess Isabel<\/span>la<\/span> of Castill<\/span>e<\/span> [<\/span>7<\/span>] <\/span>or English noble women, like Anne Neville, whose wealthy <\/span>inheritance<\/span> and northern relationships rendered<\/span> a tremendous <\/span>service<\/span> to<\/span> his Dukedom. Hence, when he accessed the throne, he was married, which was not a common situation, since English kings were expected to marry a single, virgin, foreign princess to establish a international relationship.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Apart from these aspects, that are mostly factual, there are no records of situations or events that can provide a <\/span>closer<\/span> view of the character and thinking of Anne Neville <\/span>[5]<\/span>. Though <\/span>she was in the throne only for two years, <\/span>her footprint as a queen is, up to my knowledge, really tenuous. <\/span>But this low profile had been challenged by several <\/span>royal <\/span>women:<\/span><\/p>\n Some p<\/span>revious female queens had a more participative role in the court and in politics: <\/span>Matilda<\/span> of England <\/span>fought<\/span> for her<\/span> right to the throne; Eleanor of Aquitaine <\/span>ruled<\/span> the kingdom while <\/span>her<\/span> son was abroad [<\/span>3<\/span>]. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Some other Anne Neville’s acquaintances <\/span>intervened<\/span> in politics: Margaret of Anjou openly took the <\/span>Lancastrian <\/span>leadership, defending the rights of her husband and son, and getting quite involved even in military campaigns (she was near Tewkesbury at the battle time). Margaret of York, duchess of Burgundy, actively helped h<\/span>er<\/span> Yorkist family along the Wars of the Roses. Elizabeth Woodville <\/span>settled her family in the court against Anne’s father opinion, and after Richard’s usurpation and the disappearing of her two <\/span>sons<\/span>, she protected the rights of her daughters, and finally her eldest child became queen Elizabeth<\/span> of York<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Other women that were no<\/span>t<\/span> queens at that moment <\/span>showed their <\/span>strong characters<\/span>. Margaret Beaufort<\/span> worked quiet and steadily for years until <\/span>h<\/span>er<\/span> son Henry Tudor <\/span>reached<\/span> the throne. <\/span>Even Cecily Neville, duchess of York and Edward IV’s mother, tried to ke<\/span>ep<\/span> a <\/span>position<\/span> that she not really achieved, using the title \u201cqueen by right\u201d. <\/span>Anne Neville, on the contrary, did not seem to care about her own importance<\/span>; for example, she <\/span>allow<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span> her niece Elizabeth of York <\/span>to <\/span>dress like <\/span>her<\/span>, <\/span>despite the court<\/span> dressing code according to the <\/span>rank<\/span> [<\/span>4<\/span>].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n It is also true that, unlike the aforementioned women, Anne had not a strong motivation or responsibility to fight for: she had not family or rights to defend. To sum up, she was not too fertile and could not secure a heir and international relationships, but her wealth and family ties in the North helped Richard to prowess as Duke of Gloucester and supported him as a king, and her conduct was not defiant. All in all, and according to the medieval standards, her performance as a queen came up to all expectations.<\/p>\n 3.- Conclusions<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n When trying to analyse the role of Anne Neville as a queen, the main difficulty lays on the lack of direct information. Despite her intense life, the conclusions that can be obtained are based mostly on what she apparently did not do: unlike other royal contemporary women, she did not control her inheritance, she did not participate in politics, she did not helped her family, she was not questioned. Of course, the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, and, as Hicks states, \u201cRichard was an egotist and no respecter of woman: if Anne exercised no political influence on her husband it may not have been because she was especially ineffective\u201d [5]. But that is just an educated guess and, since research has to adhere to the known facts, I think that it can be concluded that she conformed to was expected of a medieval consort queen.<\/p>\n 4.- References<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n [<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span>]<\/span><\/span> Carpenter, C., 1997 <\/span><\/span>The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c.1437\u20131509, <\/span><\/span><\/em>Cambridge University Pres<\/span><\/span>s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n [<\/span>2<\/span>] <\/span>Carson, A., 2013 <\/span>Richard III. The maligned king<\/i><\/span>, The History Press.<\/span><\/p>\n [<\/span>3<\/span>] <\/span>Castor, H., 2012 <\/span>She-Wolves. The women who ruled England before Elizabet<\/i><\/span>h, Harper Perennial.<\/span><\/p>\n [<\/span>4<\/span>] <\/span>Gristwood, S., 2013 <\/span>Blood Sisters. The women behind the Wars of the Roses<\/i><\/span>, Basic Books.<\/span><\/p>\n [<\/span>5<\/span>] <\/span>Hicks, M., <\/span>2013 <\/span>Anne Neville. Queen to Richard III<\/i><\/span>, The History Press.<\/span><\/p>\n [<\/span>6<\/span>] Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography, 2015 <\/span>Anne Neville<\/i><\/span>, http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/14844?docPos=1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [7] Tremlett, G., 2012 Catalina de Arag\u00f3n. Reina de Inglaterra<\/i>, Editorial Cr\u00edtica.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [In English] Entre\u00a0mis temas hist\u00f3ricos favoritos se encuentra\u00a0la Guerra de las Rosas, y uno de los motivos es que las mujeres que intervinieron en ella fueron, cada una a su manera, excepcionales.\u00a0Este es un ensayo corto que prepar\u00e9 para\u00a0el curso en l\u00ednea de la Universidad de Oxford\u00a0“The Wars of the Roses”\u00a0(un curso durillo pero genial:)), … <\/p>\n
\n[In English]<\/a><\/p>\n
\n2. Respecto a los nombres, he mantenido los originales en ingl\u00e9s, salvo en aquellos casos en los que en castellano estamos m\u00e1s habituados a su traducci\u00f3n.<\/span>
\n3. La Universidad de Oxford tiene una pol\u00edtica muy estricta respecto al plagio, as\u00ed que recordad que este ensayo ya ha sido enviado al curso.<\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n\n
\n
\n[En espa\u00f1ol]<\/a><\/p>\n
\n2. Oxford University has a very strict policy about plagiarism, so remember that this essay has been previously submitted to this course.<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n